Static Random Access Memory (SRAM) is a type of RAM used in various electronic applications including toys, automobiles, digital devices and computers. Static RAM or SRAM only holds its contents while power is applied. It differs from dynamic RAM (DRAM) in that DRAM must use refresh cycles to keep its contents alive. SRAM holds data as a static ‘image’ as indicated by the name, until written over or lost from powering down.
SRAM is more expensive, faster and more power-efficient than DRAM for most uses. However, its internal structure also makes it less dense, and therefore a less ideal candidate for the main memory inside personal computers. Instead, SRAM is utilized for critical, secondary uses such as fast cache memory for central processing units (CPUs). CPU cache can significantly boost a computer’s overall performance with a rather small footprint of dedicated memory.
Compared to DRAM, SRAM is more power-efficient when idle. However, overclocking the CPU can negate this power-saving advantage. Overclocking causes the CPU to work faster than its marketed specifications. In such a case the SRAM cache spends less time in the power-saving idle mode.
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SRAM is also present in many modern hard drives as disk cache. The disk cache is used to temporarily store data that is accessed frequently. Retrieving data from the SRAM cache is many times faster than retrieving it from a standard, platter-designed hard drive. You might also find SRAM in modem routers, printers, digital cameras, and compact disk (CD) or digital versatile disc (DVD) decks. Toys with electronic interfaces also commonly use SRAM.
SRAM can be synchronous, or asynchronous. Asynchronous SRAM is not dependent on the clock frequency of the CPU, while synchronous SRAM synchronizes with the CPU clock speed.
SRAM can be incorporated into one of two types of transistor chips: The bipolar junction transistor, or the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOFSET). The former makes SRAM extremely fast but also consumes a lot of power. This type of transistor is used in specialty applications. MOFSET is the more common type of SRAM used in the various applications discussed here.
SRAM should not be confused with SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory). SDRAM is a flavor of DRAM, and functions differently than SRAM.
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